Euphrates journal of agricultural science
The journal accepts and disseminates authentic scientific research with outstanding levels of agricultural sciences and other sciences associated with them. The journal publishes research in English, with summaries. Date of the first issuance of 2009 Publications in the year 4 issues per year. For submission, you can use WhatsApp on Dr. Jenan's Number (+9647905440635 ).
A Study on Chemical Properties and Sensory Evaluation of Pomegranate Juices from Sulaimani Shelf Markets Compared to Local Natural Juice
This study was carried out in 2020, at the Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan-Region, Iraq, about sensory and chemical characteristics of two local organic pomegranate juice (Salakhany) with comparison between four samples of shelf markets. Then, one of the sample was freshly consumed, and another was pasteurized juices at 63 0C for 30 minutes. The other samples of pomegranate juices were presented commercially on the market and labeled such as (OC, OS, IR, IT, IS). The fresh pomegranate juices (fresh1 and fresh2) and two commercial pomegranate juice (OC and IS) have higher pH value (4.027, 4.633, 4.037 and 4.097), respectively. Total anthocyanin contents were higher in the IR juice compared to fresh1, fresh2, OC, OS, IT and IS juices. Also, the highest values of Gallic acid (28.100 mg/100 ml) was in OS, and the lowest rate of Caffeic acid was in Fresh2 (0.030 mg/100ml), and the glucose is the highest for (IT) sample (0.120 mg/100 ml), while glucose is the lowest level in sample (OC), which is (0.004 mg/100ml). The treatment (Fresh1) had a higher score when it was compared to the other treatments. Thus, this work will assist consumers in choosing a better pomegranate juice, and also, it will help them to know which one has a better compound.
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Effect of cultivar and fertilizer combinations of nano and traditional NPK on the qualitative traits of potato Solanum tuberosum L.
The experiment was conducted in the vegetable field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping , College of Agriculture and Forestry , University of Mosul in the spring season 2021 .To study the effect of two factors, the first: three cultivars of potatoes, Arizona, Montreal, Florice, and the second: five levels of the fertilizer combination: 100% chemical, 75% chemical + 25% nano, 50% chemical + 50% nano, 25% chemical + 75% nano. Chemical Zero + 100% Nano. The experiment was designed in a split plot system using the R.C.B.D. complete block design with three replicates. The results can be summarized as follows: The Montreal cultivar achieved the highest significant values ​​in the percentage of dry matter and starch in the tubers and the qualitative weight of the tubers, while the Arizona cultivar recorded the highest significant value in tubers hardness, While the cultivar Florice achieved the highest significant value in the percentage of protein in the tubers. The fertilizer combination 50% chemical + 50% nano achieved the highest values ​​in the percentage of dry matter and starch in the tubers and the qualitative weight of the tubers. The fertilizer combination 75% chemical +25% nano gave the highest nitrate content in the tubers, while the 25% chemical +75% nano fertilizer combination achieved the highest significant value of vitamin C content in the tubers. The interaction treatment between Arizona cultivar and the fertilizer mixture 50% chemical +50% nano gave the highest significant values ​​in the percentage of dry matter and starch and the qualitative weight of the tubers. The interaction between Florice cultivar with 100% nano had the highest significant value in the protein content in the tubers, and the interaction between Florice cultivar and the fertilizer combination 25% chemical + 75% nano was the highest significant value in the tubers content of vitamin C, The Arizona cultivar with 100% nano gave the highest significant value in tuber hardness and the lowest value in tuber nitrate content, and the interaction between Montreal cultivar and the fertilizer combination 25% chemical +75% nano gave the highest significant value in TSS ratio in tubers.
Effect of NPK chemical and nano fertilizer on growth and yield of three potato cultivars Solanum tuberosum L.
The experiment was conducted in the vegetable field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping / College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul in the spring season 2021. To study the effect of three potato cultivars(Arizona, Montreal, Florice) and five levels of the fertilizer combination (NPK 15-15-15, 75% chemical + 25% nano, 50% chemical + 50% nano, 25% chemical + 75% nano, Chemical Zero + 100% Nano.The experiment was designed in the split-plot system using The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and with three replicates, where the cultivars were placed in the main plots and the fertilizer combination treatments in the split plots.The results can be summarized as follows: Arizona cultivar gave the highest significant values ​​in plant height 60.36 cm, number of aerial stems per plant 5.62 stem.plant -1, number of tubers per plant, plant yield, total yield of tubers and marketing yield of tubers reached 13.82 tubers.plant-1, 874.26 g and 46.627 tons ha-1 and 41,791 tons ha-1, respectively .The Montreal cultivar gave the highest significant value in the average tuber weight of 70.80 g. For the fertilizer mixture, 50% chemical + 50% nano treatment gave the highest significant values ​​in plant height, number of aerial stems per plant, leaf area of ​​plant, content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in leaves and number of tubers. The average tuber weight, plant yield, total yield of tubers, marketing yield of tubers 62.40 cm, 6.00 stems. plant -1, 6887 cm2 plant-1, 1.84 g.g-1 fresh weight, 1.57 g.g-1 fresh weight, 13.01 tubers.plant-1, 72.66 g and 939.61 g and 50,112 ton.ha-1 and 45.210 ton.ha-1, respectively.The interaction of Florice cultivar with the fertilizer combination 50% chemical + 50% nano gave the highest significant values ​​in plant height. The treatment of Arizona cultivar with the fertilizer combination 50% chemical + 50% nano, gave the highest significant values ​​in the number of aerial stems of the plant, the number of tubers per plant and the yield of the plant.The Montreal cultivar with the fertilizer combination 50% chemical + 50% nano gave the highest significant value in the leaf area of ​​the plant, the content of chlorophyll a and b in the leaves, the total yield of the tubers and the marketing yield of the tubers.
Evaluation of the performance of some cultivars of corn (Zea mays L.) in three planting dates .
The field experiment for the 2019-2020 season was conducted in the farmer's field (Malik Jigan) in AL-Mahaweel (Dulaimi) area of ​​Al- Mahaweel Agriculture Division in Babylon province,According to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) and with three replications as a factorial experiment, the study included different planting dates (July 25 - August 5 - August 15) and several cultivars are hybrids (American Pioneer - Yugoslavian Zp) and the local cultivar(Bohuth 106). The experiment aimed to evaluate and study yellow corn cultivars under different planting dates. The results were as follows: The July 25 date was significantly excelled in most vegetative growth traits and all yield traits and components, plant height, cob leaf area, number of grains per ear, the weight of 500 grains and grain yield, and increased by percentages of 7%, 33.5%, 25.4%, 20.2% and 80.4 % compared to the August 15 treatment, While the Pioneer cultivar was superior in the characteristics of stem diameter, number of grains per cob, weight of 500 grains, and yield ton/ha with an increase of 7%, 13%, 17.8% and 100% compared to Bohouth 106.While the cultivar Bohouth 106 significantly excelled in the cob leaf area with a percentage increase of (11.5%) compared to the American Pioneer cultivar, The date of August 15 did not give any significant difference in the traits of the yield, and the results showed a significant effect of the interaction values ​​between the study factors in most of the traits. The interaction (25 July × Bohouth 106) gave the highest mean for the trait (plant height, cob area leaf, number of grains per cob and weight of 500 grains)Where the percentage increase was 14.6%, 52.8%, 63.9% and 89.6%, respectively, compared to the interaction (August 15 x Bohouth 106), while the interaction (July 25 x Pioneer) excelled by 314.17% over (August 15 x Bohouth 106).It was concluded from this study that the date of planting July 25th is the appropriate date for planting hybrid and local cultivars due to the sufficient thermal accumulation that leads to an increase in the production of dry matter and its transfer from the source to Sink , Whereas, the Pioneer cultivars gave the best results in terms of the economic yield due to its excelled in the components of the yield, compared to the Bohouth 106 cultivar, which gave the lowest yield.
Effect of organic and NPK fertilizers on some chemical traits of seedlings of two olive cultivars Olea europaea L
This study was conducted in lathhouse at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station of the College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk during the period from (1/10/2020 - 1/6/2021).To study the response of seedlings of two olive cultivars, Olea europaea L., to some organic and NPK fertilizers, the experiment was applied according to the design of Randomized Complete Block Designs with three replications within the factorual experiments and with two factors: the first factor is the cultivars (Nepali and Manzanillo), and the second factor is the addition of different levels of mineral and organic fertilizers ( Distilled water only (control treatment), (500 mg/L of NPK), (750 mg/L of (NPK), (80 mg/L of Biogreen), (120 mg/L of (Biogreen), (500 mg/L of Biogreen) and (500 mg/L of Biogreen). Naturwin, 1000 mg/L of Naturwin, 500 mg/L of Total Humic, 1000 mg/L of Total Humic, The results obtained can be summarized as follows: The Nepali variety was the best for its superiority in most of the traits, namely, the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves and the percentage of potassium in the leaves were (2.33) and (2.27) %, respectively.Spraying 750 mg/L of NPK mineral fertilizer led to a significantly excelled on the rest of the treatments. The percentage of nitrogen in the leaves, the percentage of phosphorous in the leaves, the percentage of potassium in the leaves, the percentage of protein in the leaves and the percentage of carbohydrates in the leaves reached (3.15) and (1.63) %, (3.15) %, (7.70) % and (8.58) %, respectively, The treatment (1000 mg/L Total Humic) excelled in the traits of increase in plant height, increase in the number of leaves, and chlorophyll content in leaves reached (8.20) cm and (13.60) leaves/seedling and (60.60) mg/100 gm. The bi-interaction between the cultivars and the organic and mineral fertilizer was more than the interaction between 750 mg/l of NPK with the cultivar Nepali in most of the traits, which is the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves The percentage of phosphorous in the leaves, the percentage of potassium in the leaves, the percentage of protein in the leaves, and the percentage of carbohydrates in the leaves were (3.66%), (1.80%), (3.66%), (7.70)% and (9.60)%, respectively.
Response of corn to irrigation periods and spraying concentrations of the growth regulator brassinolide and its effect on some growth traits and yield
A field experiment was conducted in Babylon province - the Nile Test Station, located east of Hilla city, during the autumn season 2021. In a sandy clay soil mixture, in order to know the effect of irrigation periods and spraying concentrations of the growth regulator brassinolide in order to improve the growth efficiency and yield of yellow maize, Baghdad 3 cultivar .The Randomized Completely Block design(RCBD)was used in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. The experiment included studying the effect of three periods of irrigation 6, 8 and 10 days and spraying the growth regulator brassinolide at a concentration of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg. L-1 and their interaction in growth and yield of corn. The results showed significantly excelled of the irrigation period every 6 days in the traits: the least number of days from planting to 50% female flowering, the highest plant height, leaf area, number of grains in cob, weight of 500 grains, and grain yield, which reached 52.20 days, 224.40 cm, 5958 cm 2 and 564 9 grain cob-1, 157.73 g and 8.93 tons ha-1 respectively, while the 10-day irrigation period achieved a significantly excelled in the percentage of protein in the grains amounted to 12.05%. The spray concentration also 8 mg.L- 1 of brassinolide significantly excelled in the number of days to 50% flowering, leaf area, number of grains per cob and ear, weight of 500 grains, and grain yield, which amounted to 52.00 days and 6378 cm2 and 573.3 grains.cob-1 and 158.78 g and 8.63 tons ha- 1 The interactions showed a significant effect on the traits of vegetative growth, yield, its components, and quality. The interaction treatment between the irrigation period of 6 days and spraying at a concentration of 8 mg L-1 gave the highest averages of vegetative growth, yield, and qualityKey words: , , .
Effect of partial replacement of sunflower seed oil instead of animal fat on the quality of frozen manufactured beef burgers
The current study aims to effect the partial replacement of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed oil instead of animal fat on some of the quality of frozen manufactured beef burgers. The low-fat processed beef burger was prepared, extraction of sunflower seed oil by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Burger were prepared in four replacement ratios of 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The fat and cholesterol content of burgers substituted with vegetable oil, then the burger discs were stored by freezing at (-18 ± 2) °C for 90 days, during which the changes in the values ​​of thiobarbituric acid, water holding capacity, cooking yield, retained moisture percentage and retained fat percentage were monitored. The results showed that there was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the fat and cholesterol content of the burger, in which the fat was replaced by 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The difference was significant at the replacement ratio of 75 and 100%, there was a significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the values ​​of peroxide and thiobarbituric acid by increasing the replacement ratio, thus, the storage period of the burger replaced with vegetable oil can be prolonged, to decrease the effect of oxidative stress. The results showed that there was a significant (P≤0.05) increase in the water holding capacity, the retained moisture and fat percentages with an increase in the replacement rates, improves the tenderness and juiciness of the manufactured burger. The storage period significantly (P≤0.05) affected all the studied qualitative traits, this effect has varied between high and low according to the type of trait studied.
Effect of fertilization with Vermicompost and spraying with Moringa leaf extract on some vegetative and root growth traits of Citrus aurantifolia saplings.
The study was conducted in one of the private nurseries in Babylon province for the period from 1/9/2020 to 6/1/2021 to study the effect of fertilization with Vermicompost and spraying with Moringa leaf extract and the interaction between them on the growth of lemon saplings. The 144 saplings of homogeneous growth were selected as much as possible and at the one-year age, a factorial experiment was conducted according to the randomized complete blocks design R.C.B.D and with three replications. The experiment included the addition of Vermicompost fertilizer with four concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 g. saplings-1), and four levels of spraying with Moringa leaf extract (0, 50, 100, 150 ml .L-1),. The results can be summarized as follows: The treatment of the addition of (V3) of Vermicompost fertilizer was excelled and gave the highest averages in the studied traits (the rate of increase in plant height, the average of increase in stem diameter, main root length, main root diameter, and the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the leaves) which reached (16.48 cm, 3.45 mm, 42.10 cm, 11.34 mm, 1.69%, 0.31%, 2.62%) respectively, The Spraying treatment (B2) with Moringa leaf extract was excelled and gave the highest averages in the studied traits which (14.47 cm, 3.30 mm, 42.92 cm, 11.08 mm, 1.62%, 0.30%, 2.52%) respectively, but in terms of the best interaction treatment between them, the (V3B2) combination excelled in giving the highest averages for the above-mentioned traits.
Effect of ground fertilization with Vermicompost and spraying with Moringa leaf extract on some vegetative growth traits of Lime saplings (Citrus aurantifolia).
The study was conducted in one of the private nurseries in Babylon province for the period from September 2020 to June 2021 to study the effect of fertilization with Vermicompost and spraying with Moringa leaf extract and the interaction between them on the growth of lime saplings. 144 sapling of homogeneous growth were selected as much as possible with age of one year. The experiment included adding Vermicompost fertilizer with four concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30) g. sapling-1, and four levels of spraying with Moringa leaf extract (0, 50, 100, 150) ml.L-1, the results can be summarized as follows: The addition of Vermicompost treatment (V3) was excelled and gave the highest averages in the studied traits (increment in leaves number, increment in branches number, leaves area, chlorophyll content and carbohydrates) reached (226.20 leaf sapling-1, 7.23 branch sapling-1, 8266 cm2 sapling-1, 50.14 mg 100g-1 fresh weight, 6.41%).The treatment of Moringa extract (B2) excelled and gave the highest averages in (increment in leaves number, increment in branches number, leaves area, chlorophyll content and carbohydrates) (225.70 leaves.sapling-1, 6.25 sapling. branch -1, 8194 cm 2 sapling - 1, 45.20 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight, 6.25%).In terms of the best treatment between them, the combination of V3B2 has excelled and gave the highest averages for the above traits.
THE EFFECT OF SOME ANTIOXIDANT ON THE PHYSICAL AN BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF SEMEN IN AWASSI RAMS
The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of some antioxidant substances on the macroscopical, microscopical and biochemical properties of semen and the concentration of some antioxidant enzymes in the seminal plasma of the Awassi rams Twenty-four Awassi rams were used in this study. The animals were divided into four groups (6 rams/group); the first group was the control group. Group II the rams were given the Curcuma 3 g/kg feed, group III were administered vitamin E Supplemented orally (Capsule) at a dose of 400 IU / animal, three doses per week, group IV were given the Coenzyme Q10 Supplemented orally (Capsule) at a dose of 400 mg / animal, three doses per week.. Semen samples were collected using an electroejaculaor once every 15 days along the duration of the experiment. Semen samples were evaluated to determine the volume, viscosity, pH, mas and individual motility of sperm, percentage of live, dead and abnormal sperms, seminal plasma content of total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride and the level of MDA, AST, ALT, SOD and CAT. The results showed a significant effect (P<0.05) of the treatments on some semen parameters; these includes; the volume of the ejaculates were increased in the group of Curcuma and Coenzyme Q10. The viscosity was significantly affected by Curcuma treatment, while the individual motility and the percentage of live sperm were increased significantly in the three treatments groups. Vitamin E and Coenzyme Q10 were decrease the percentage of sperm abnormalities in comparison with control group. There was a limited effect of treatments on the seminal plasma components; the level of albumin and cholesterol were decreased significantly in the group of Coenzyme Q10, while the level of the globulin was increased in the three treatment groups than in control group. There has also a significant decrease in the level of cholesterol in the Curcuma group and a significant increase in the level of triglycerides in the vitamin E treatment compared to the control group. There was a limited effect of the treatments on the enzyme activity; The MDA was Part of ph.D Thesis submitted by the first author increased in the three treatment groups, increased GSH in and vitamin E groups, and increased SOD in the Curcuma and Coenzyme Q10 groups in comparison to the control group. It be concluded that the addition of Curcuma to feed has an improved effect of semen properties; and increased the concentration of fructose in seminal plasma. Oral administration of vitamin E was increased the level of GSH and the globulin, also administration of Coenzyme Q10 was increased the level of SOD in the seminal plasma.
Effect of NaCl on the Germination and growth parameters of Some Flax Varieties (Linum usitatissimum L.)
As a result of the phenomenon of climate change, drought and salinity are becoming an actual challenge to agriculture crop production. Flax is also one of the important agricultural crops that face the problem of salinity, that is why the study of its salinity tolerance level an inevitable in order to not just keep its production level, but also increased it that can answer to the population marketers demand for the world population. Seeds of Flax Varieties (Linum usitatissimum L) Syria, Rabar variety and Hikmat variety where tested of salinity tolerance with four levels of salt solution in sterilized water ( 0.02 ,0.04, 0.06 and ,0.08 molL-1) and control ,that the e given Salt solutions are equivalent to 1.7, 2.3, 3.5 and 4.7 gL -1 of NaCl , that answer to 1.8, 3.6, 5.5, and 7.3 Sd/m respectively The results shows clearly significant effect of varieties on germination percentage ,speed and index, and significant decreasing of germination percentage , germination speed and germination index by increasing salinity levels. Regarding growth issue , the results show significant effect of varieties on and growth parameters except of root wet weight which has no significant effect by varieties. Rebar variety exceed over Hiklmat variety and Syria variety by its only higher value of root wet weight. but Hikmat variety exceed over rebar and Syria by it is highest value of root numbers and shoot length, and Syria exceed over Hikamt variety and Raber variety by root try weight, shoot wet and dry weight as well as root length. with increasing salinity levels decrease growth parameters, except of shoot dry weight that control has less value in relation to other salt levels and is equal to 4.7 gL -1. The explanation to this instance, that control has less weigh value in relation to other salt levels, is because of accumulation of more salt substances in shoots in salt solution levels in compare with control, and the same explanation is valid to the result of roottoo. Significant interaction between salt levels and varieties about germination parameters indicate that Raber variety has is the supreme variety which tolerate better salinity in relation to Hikmat and Syria. Reducing root numbers and length due to salinity has significant effect on the tolerance degrees of plants, as the longer and more root number , the better for plants to penetrate soil and cover more area in soil ,which make Plant to tolerate more salinity and drought. 1.7 gL -1 which nswer to 1.8 Sd/m is the tolerance level of Flax to soil salinity, in this regard, Rebar has the height value of germination parameters at all salt levels, and by comparative way Rabar can also tolerate salt level (2.3 gL -1 ) too that answer to 3.6 Sd/m, because 2.3 gL -1 of Rabar variety almost equal or even higher then (1.7 gL -1 ) in some germination parameter of Hikamt variety and Syria variety , therefore , Rabaer variety can tolerate in a soil from 1.8Sd/m to 3.6Sd/m , but Hikmat variety and Syria cannot tolerate soil salinity above 1.8Sd/m.
The modern orientation of kindergarten garden design
Outdoor spaces in kindergartens are distinguished by characteristics that distinguish them from other types of spaces in terms of their multiple functions and uses. As it helps the child to discover the world that surrounds him and to acquire a lot of information and facts about things in the environment in which he lives. Because of the lack of a clear and comprehensive conception of the design indicators and the local standards that must be met in the outdoor spaces of the kindergarten. Therefore, the thesis aimed to develop a theoretical basis and design indicators based on to design these spaces, the research was designed by selecting several kindergartens in the city of Baghdad for the purposes of scientific study, information on research samples was obtained according to five tools for collecting information, namely on-site observation during the field visit to the sites of study samples, personal interview, and the preparation of kindergarten distribution maps according to systems. Geographical information, analyzing architectural plans, and a questionnaire was adopted and distributed to a random sample of teachers, and after collecting it, the data was unloaded using the Microsoft Office Excel program. A dimension analysis was conducted on the results obtained from the questionnaire using the Complete Linkage Method, which is one of the most important methods. Hierarchical Agglomerative Method using a computer based on the statistical program SPSS, and the results of the study showed the convergence of the topics , and the parameters clarified the goal of using external spaces to gain experiences and love of nature and learn new skills such as planting flowers of various kinds, how to pick and care for them, and their isolation from the topic in which it called for introducing the child to the shadow in the outer space through trees and shrubs, climbers, and hanging baskets, and their preference for highs and lows as elements of excitement in the child's space, play and entertainment among the activities that you find suitable for the child in the outer space. It found that the closest topics to each other that the teachers called for developing educational ideas for children through the existence of a dedicated space where children can draw in colors on holders with fixed papers in the space as well as a dedicated area of ​​sand, natural shapes and carvings of various shapes, sizes and seashells, and counting it as a means of attracting the child's attention by the colors of birds, fish, as well as the availability of space for the child to play with sand while they are in the outer space. As for the most important activities that the teacher finds suitable for her practice by children in the outer space is watching nature and reading stories with the presence of green spaces, and children get used to order, work and cooperation with their peers as well as scientific views to develop the child's scientific and practical experiences
Antagonistic effects of Securigera securidaca extracts, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens against Aspergillus sp., Fusarium solani, and Rhizoctonia sp. in vitro
The study was carried out in the Diyala Agriculture Directorate, Plant Diseases Laboratory, during the year 2021 to evaluate the performance of Securigera securidaca concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%) and two bacteria Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens against Aspergillus sp, Fusarium solani, and Rhizoctonia sp in vitro. The results showed that the extract concentrations 5,10 and 15% of S. securidaca inhibited the mycelial growth of Aspergillus sp. with inhibition percentage 45.9 %, 55.2 % and 39.4 % respectively. The highest inhibition effect of plant extract on the mycelial growth of Fusarium solani was 49.9% at the concentration 5%, while the inhibition percentage was 22.3% and 26.5% at the concentrations 10 and 15% respectively. The concentration 15% was superior in inhibition of mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia sp. 58.1%, followed by the concentration 5% and 10%, which reached 52.0% and 41.6% respectively. The bacteria P. fluorescens inhibited the mycelial growth of Aspergillus sp.,Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia sp. with inhibition percentage 15.2 %, 22.4% and 61.1% respectively, whereas the bacteria B. cereus inhibited the mycelial growth of previous fungi with inhibition percentage 12.4 %,18.3 % and 58.8 % respectively.
Influence of seeds inoculation with PGPR, Gibberellic acid and Seaweed extract on seeds germination and seedling growth of Acacia farnesiana L
A factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, RCBD, in Sarchnar Nursery of the Directorate of Agriculture in Sulaimani in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq. The experiment was conducted for the period between 4.4.2021 and 4.10.2021 which included three factors that were PGPR, (pseudomonas putida and Bacillus Subtilis) (P0) without inoculating seeds in PGPR, (P1) inoculating seeds in PGPR, GA3 at three concentration (G0) 0 ppm, (G1) 75 ppm and (G3) 150 ppm and foliar application with seaweed extract (Alga 600) (L0) 0 mgL-1, (L1) 1.5 mgL-1, and their interactions. The results showed the superiority of the PGPR (P1) in the traits (germination percentage, plant height, stem diameter, N,P,K percentage, relative chlorophyll in the leaves, fresh and dry weight of the shoot system, dry weight of the root system and Root dry matter) which recorded(68.00%, 177.00cm, 8.05mm, 1.80%, 0.33%, 2.43%, 33.42 SPAD, 164.04gm, 66.84gm, 13.40gm, and19.94) respectively, treatment with GA3 at the concentrate 75ppm (G1) showed its superiority in the characteristics of the (germination percentage, plant height, stem diameter, N,P,K percentage, relative chlorophyll in the leaves, fresh and dry weight of the root system and Root dry matter) were recorded (78.67%, 170.00cm, 13.10mm, 2.32%, 0.38%, 2.67%, 68.84gm, 13.40gm, 19.84) respectively. Whereas, foliar application with seaweed treatment (Alga 600) (L1) excelled in the traits (Germination percentage, plant height, stem diameter, N,P,K percentage, relative chlorophyll in the leaves, fresh and dry weight of the root system and Root dry matter) which were recorded (70.11%, 170.00cm, 9.19mm, 1.34%, 0.35%, 2,45%, 33.99 SPAD, 63.52gm, 12.67gm,19.73)respectively . The triple interaction treatment between PGPR inoculation, 150ppm of GA3 and foliar application with seaweed extract, P1G2L1 was superior in the traits (germination percentage, plant height, stem diameter, N,P,K percentage, relative chlorophyll in the leaves, root dry weight and root dry matter) and the values were recorded ( 96.33%, 204.33 cm, 15.67mm, 2.76%, 0.48%, 2.76%, 52.27 SPAD, 17.81 gm and 28.86) respectively. Whereas, the inoculation with PGPR, Gibberellic acid at 75ppm and without using seaweed extract P1G1LO treatment recorded significant superiority in the traits shoot fresh and dry weight, and it was recorded (233.24 gm and 47.41 gm) respectively.
Comparison between Alum, Poly Aluminum Chloride , Ferric Chloride with Aloe vera as a Coagulants
Coagulants of all kind are very important in the process of purifying water from turbidity and pollutants, so comparisons are made between four types of a coagulants used during the chlorinated drinking water purification process are alum, iron chloride, aluminum chloride polymer and a mixture of alum (5mg/l) with three concentrations of aloe vera, solution which is (5%,10%,20%) .The results showed that the 20% concentrated aleo vera with 5mg/l alum gives a high removal of the turbidity by up to 90% compared to other coagulants.
Comparing the Responsibility of Some Pretreatment Types of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) to Reduce Acrylamide Formation
Acrylamide is a colorless, odorless, crystalline compound that is considered to be a genetic and reproductive toxin, and long-term consumption may cause damage in the nervous system. This research has studied the affect of pretreatment of potato slices with immersion solutions including (2% citric acid, 2% baker yeast, distal water, 100 units glucose oxidase and 2% acetic acid) to reduce AA content of fried potato slices. The results have showed some differences among the types of potato in their response to immersion solutions. Except acetic acid, Iraqi type had the minimum response ranging from 5.66 to 54.06% compared with Syrian type from 70.10 to 93.89% and Iranian from 7.97 to 69.95%. Citric acid was the effective immersion solution in decreasing AA which ranged from 54.06 % for Iraqi potato to 93.89% for Syrian type, while the AA reducing range of yeast solution was from 13.08 to 91.79% and of glucose oxidase from 5.66 to 82.97%. Distilled water increased AA formation in Iraqi type up to 44.91%, but decreased AA formation about 70.10% and 33.50% of Syrian and Iranian types respectively compared with control. This phenomenon might be attributed to the rate of equilibrium between exudation of soluble components and reconfiguration of them. Acetic acid oppositely behaved compared with most other immersion solutions since it highly increased the AA s that may be due to the longtime of immersion compared to most researches which used some minutes of steeping. However, this finding may be a key for more detailed researches
Molecular Characterization of some Genotypes of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) by RAPD Marker in Sulaimani region of Kurdistan -Iraq
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers was used as a good tool to evaluate genetic diversity of pomegranate cultivars. Out of 12 random primers, only 10 primers amplified products. Primer products ranged from 6 to 10 bands. Total number of bands amplified was 82, out of which 71 were polymorphic and 11 monomorphic. The maximum, minimum and mean values of polymorphic bands were 9, 5 and 7.1, respectively. The PIC values were recorded range between 0.77 to 0.92. Dendrogram was constructed by using UPGMA method for the clustering for all the selections that the dissimilarity coefficients were ranged between 0.22 (G12 vs. G23) to 0.75 (G1 vs. G6), and 5 clusters such as (A, B, C, D and F) with a mean dissimilarity (0.54) were obtained for 24 pomegranate genotypes using 10 RADP markers. Molecular analysis showed high variation within accessions. Our data obtained in present study it can be concluded that RAPD studies can be useful in breeding programmers allowing the identification of different selections and assessing the genetic similarity among them, which would facilitate their use as identified genetic stock in future breeding programmers.
Response of some wheat genotypes morphogically in grain yield and its components and molecularly in gene expression of drought tolerant genes grown in moisture depletion levels
A field experiment was carried out in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad for the seasons 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in a split plot design with three replications for the two seasons. Eight genotypes of bread wheat and durum wheat add in the aim : molecular work were planted individually to test their ability to tolerance moisture stress, the genotypes occupied the secondary plots, and moisture depletion levels were 50, 70 and 90% of the ready water main plots. The results showed that reducing the moisture depletion to 50% of the ready water caused an increase in most of the yield components, as it was superior in giving the highest mean number of spikes (26.67 and 23.21 spike plant-1), the number of grains per spike (77.67 and 73.00 grain spike-1), and the highest weight of 1000 grains (44.46 and 43.42 gm) and the biological yield (82.61 and 78.33 gm plant-1), and this confirms the improvement of the photosynthetic system ability, as it gave the highest mean grain yield (43.42 and 38.76 gm plant-1). Plants grown under this moisture level were distinguished in increasing their efficiency in CO2 assimilation, as it gave the highest mean harvest index (53.33 and 46.23%) for both years respectively. The two genotypes Um- Rabee and Al-Noor were superior in their ability to tolerance different levels of moisture depletion, and represented by giving the highest means in the number of spikes (23.00, 23.22 , 21.44 and 21.00 spike plant-1) and the number of grains in a spike (63.00, 63.34, 69.90 and 67.90), and the superiority of Um- Rabee in giving the highest mean weight of 1000 grains (38.23 and 40.04 gm), and this shows the ability of this composition to give the highest yield of grains (40.46, 40.67, 34.61 and 33.94 gm plant-1) for the two genotypes respectively. The high levels of moisture depletion led to the high levels of gene expression in the drought-tolerant NAC, GSK and dreb gene. From this, we conclude that the availability of the appropriate quantities of irrigation water worked to create a balance, activate metabolic processes, and increased the efficiency of photosynthesis and reflected positively on the yield of the plant, and that the decrease in the quantities of irrigation water caused the high levels of gene expression that increased the plant’s ability to tolerance water stress. ___________________________________________________________________
The effect of noise in outdoor spaces on the users of Imam Al-Sadiq General Hospital in the Hilla city
This study was conducted between 2018-2019 due to the importance of Imam Al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) General Hospital, which is considered one of the most modern hospitals in the province of Babylon, as well as its clinical capacity, so its importance emerged. The theoretical studies included a review of the modern local and international sources and studies that pertain to the problem of noise and its impact on human health and the useful means to mitigate its severity.What is the second stage? A - The field study was conducted through spot visits to the hospital, collecting maps and data, and determining the noise sources and their intensity. B - Questionnaire: It was conducted to find out the opinion of hospital users about noise and its psychological and health impact on them. It included patients, visitors, and staff (medical, administrative) of the hospital. Several proposals have been developed to treat noise and reduce its intensity, thus providing the appropriate environment for users of external spaces in the hospital.Noise has become an essential part of daily life to which man is constantly exposed, as it has become one of the pests of the times due to the increase in its sources in terms of vehicles, laboratories, trains...etc. The effect of which is not limited to disturbance and nervous and psychological tension only, but also extends to the incidence of dangerous diseases, such as heart diseases and brain disorders, which threaten human health, and make noise one of the main dangers to his life.This was confirmed by a recent study that people who are exposed to noise and noise for a long time in the workplace or during recreational activities may be more susceptible to heart disease (https://www.arab48.com ›). Al-Muaini (2015) mentioned that noise constitutes a system of anxiety and disturbance to the natural surroundings of the human being, which can be considered as a pollution caused by the city. It is now a serious problem in urban areas resulting from the increase in population density, manufacturing operations, works, engines...etc. Noise pollution problems are increasing day by day, especially in crowded urban areas next to highways, main streets, airports...etc. The wrong choice of the location of the Imam Al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) General Hospital in the center of Hilla and on both sides of the most crowded streets, negatively affected the comfort of the hospital’s users, including doctors, patients, visitors, and functional and service staff due to the noise generated by the movement of cars, in addition to the difficulty of access to the hospital and that the noise does not affect the users of the external spaces only, but may reach its intensity to the internal spaces in the hospital and cause inconvenience to the hospital users. Therefore, when designing the hospital’s external spaces, this important factor must be taken into consideration, by presenting appropriate proposals to mitigate its severity in accordance with international standards used for this purpose.
Effect of pre-harvest treatment with some nutrients and salicylic acid on some storage characteristics of two strawberry varieties Albion and Camarosa
The experiment was carried out in a private refrigerated warehouse to study the effect of some nutrients, salicylic acid spray on the storage ability of strawberry fruits. The study included three factors, the first was two strawberry cultivars (Albion, Camarosa), the second factor included five treatments of nutrient solutions (control, the spray of nano-iron at 10, 20 mgL-1, riboflavin at 100, and 200 mgL-1), whereas the third factor is the spray of salicylic acid at three concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mgL-1). Ripen fruits were taken from the previous treatments and stored in plastic boxes for 10 days at a temperature of 0±1°C and 90-95% relative humidity. An evaluation of the studied characteristics was conducted 10 days after the start of storage. The experiment was lay out as A factorial experiment according to a C.R.D design with three factors and three replications. The results were analyzed using the statistical program SAS (2003) and the means were compared according to Duncan’s Multiple range test at 0.05 level. The experimental results can be summarized as follows: The Camarosa variety was significantly superior in preserving stored fruits by giving the lowest percentage of damage, weight loss, and the lowest changes in TSS compared to the Albion variety. Riboflavin spray at 200 mgL-1 gave the lowest percentage of fruit damage, weight loss, and the highest TSS content, whereas this treatment gave the lowest amount of changes in total acidity compared with untreated one. Salicylic acid spray at 200 mgL-1 was significantly superior in giving the lowest percentage of fruits damage in stored fruits, the least weight loss, and the highest percentage of TSS.
Effect of spraying potassium silicate, boron and vitamin C on levels of antioxidant enzymes and phytohormones in the black French grape Vitis vinifera L.
The research was conducted in one of the private orchards in Al-Musayyib District, Babylon province, Iraq for the seasons 2020 and 2021 to study the effect of spraying with potassium silicate, boron and vitamin C on levels of peroxidases and catalase enzymes and the phytohormones gibberellin (GA3) and indole acetic acid (IAA) in the black French grapevine The experiment was conducted according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) as a factorial experiment, and the means were compared using the least significant difference at the probability level of 0.05 to test the significant differences(L.S.D.). The results showed that spraying with potassium silicate at a concentration of 500 mg. l -1 with boron and ascorbic acid, both at a concentration of 50 mg.l -1, resulted in a significant increase in the levels of peroxidase, catalylase, indole acetic acid and gibberellin in French black grape leaves, which gave (40.62 and 40.65) unit.100 g -1, (0.093 and 0.091) unit.g-1 protein, (65.28 and 66.02 μmol.g-1 fresh weight and (32.14 and 32.74) μmol g-1 fresh weight for the first and second seasons, respectively, which was significantly superior to most of the interactions. These levels of the two enzymes and hormones studied are among the appropriate levels for the grape plant to exercise its physiological activity and carry out vital processes.
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A study of the effect of temperature on the activity of the glutaminase enzyme and the kinetic values in calcareous soil
The study was carried out in Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources Lab, College of Agriculture and Forestry, to determine the kinetic parameters (maximum speed Vmax and Substrate matter concentration Km) and to show how temperature influences the activity and performance of the Glutaminase enzyme. therefore, clay loam soil from the Rashidieh district was selected, and it was treated with various Substrate enzyme concentrations (0.15, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1) molar under various temperature influences (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70) Cᵒ. The results demonstrated: a definite influence of the substrate on the enzyme's activity, as the enzyme's activity increased as the amount of added substrate got in concentration. The greatest value for the Glutaminase enzyme activity [S]/ V was (0.019) microgram NH4-N g-1. 2 hr-1, which came as a result of the substrate's concentration of (1) mmol. The enzyme Glutaminase [S] /V had the lowest activity, measured in micrograms (0.004) NH4-N g-1. 2h-1, as a result of the lowest substrate concentration (0.1) mmol. According to the research results, the Vmax value was reached (0.815) micrograms of NH4-N g-1 2hr-1. Km had a value of (0.033) mmole. The Glutaminase enzyme's activity increased as the incubation temperature was raised when the substrate concentration was (0.5) molar. The highest value for Glutaminase enzyme activity was (213.70) micrograms of (NH4-N g-1 2hr-1), which was obtained from incubating the soil at the highest temperature (60) Cᵒ, as the Glutamines enzyme activity values increased.
Anatomical and Phenotypic Study of Dianthus amurensis L. and Zinnia elegans by the effect of aqueous extracts of leaves Myrtus and Mentha
The study includes an experiment conducted in a greenhouse of the College of Science/Mosul University to study allelopathic effects of aqueous extract for myrtle and mint that preparation at 5%w:v in growth and anatomical characters. Results show decrease in germination percentage of Dianthus amurensis L. and Zinnia elegans when treated with aqueous extract of mint amounted to (12.5,36.14%), when treated with mint extract caused increase in (shoot height, root system length, and dry weight of seedlings as well as an increase in leaf area of Dianthus amurensis L. that (27.11, 28.57, 6.42 and 48.74%) while the aqueous extract of mint caused a reduction in germination percentage, shoot height and root length of Zinnia elegans that( 5.88,23.91%) .As will the result anatomically shows that a reduction in stomata number in all treatments, high percentage reducing (56%) in Dianthus amurensis by effect Myrtle increases in stomata index, stomata density, and length of stomata in Dianthus amurensis L. leaves by the effect of mint aqueous extract that (39.13, 49.98 and 20%) . found significant differences in the studied characteristics of the cross section, as the aqueous extracts of Myrtle and mint caused an increase in the diameter of the section for Dianthus amurensis and was accompanied by an increase in the length of the shoots of plants treated with mint extract
Effect of seaweed extracts on the growth and flowering of Statice plant ( Limonium sinuatum) growing in saline soil
The experiment was conducted in lathhouse of the Department of Plant Production Technologies/Al-Musayyib Technical College for autumn season of 2022 and the spring season of 2023 to study the effect of the plant Statis, Limonium sinuatum good uniformity, and seaweed extracts in the bioremediation of saline soils. Plastic pots with a diameter of 27 cm were used filled with an agricultural medium composed of river soil. + Compost (palm waste) in a ratio of 1:3 . The experiment included two factors. The first factor used seaweed extracts and is symbolized by the symbol ((B). It included three levels: without addition (the control treatment) and symbolized by B0 and B1. Spraying at a concentration of 1 g.L-1 and B2. Spraying at a concentration of 2 g. L-1. As for the second factor, it includes salinity and is symbolized by the symbol (S). It has four levels S0: soil salted with sodium chloride at a concentration of 3 dS.m-1 (comparison treatment) and S1, salted soil at a concentration of 5 dS.m-1. S2 is salted soil with a concentration of 7 dS.m-1and S3 is salted soil with a concentration of 9 ds.m-1.The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment according to a completely randomized design (C.R.D) with three replications, and the means were compared according to the least significant difference (L.S.D) test under the probability level of 0.05.The results were as follows: The triple interaction treatment between the study factors resulted in a significant increase in the studied traits. The interaction treatment (S0B2) outperformed the rest of the other interaction treatments and gave the highest values for the traits of plant height, chlorophyll, number of flowering stalks, vase life , carotene pigment, and proline. Compared to the no-additive treatment of seaweed extracts, salinity caused a significant reduction in the studied traits.
Callus Production by Nephroleips exltata L. Plant in Vitro
This experiment was conducted in the plant tissue culture laboratory at the Department of Plant Production Technologies , Al-Musayyib Technical College , Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University from 9/1/2022 to 6/1/2023 to study the effect of some plant growth regulators: auxin (acetic acid (2,4- Dichlorophenoxy (at concentrations of 0.0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg.L-1) and cytokinin (Benzyle adenine) at concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg.L-1 and their interactions in the propagation of Nephrolepis exaltata plants ex vivo and their effect on callus induction, callus growth, vegetative shoot generation, and shoot formation. Root weight, fresh weight and dry weight. The well-known nutrient medium (Murashig and Skoog, 1962) was used. This experiment was designed according to a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replicates, then the means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) under the probability level of 0.05. The results showed that the percentage The contamination rate was 100% in the control treatment, and the contamination rate decreased with increasing sterilization duration. The contamination rate reached 63.25% at 20 minutes on the other hand, the concentration of 4% gave the lowest contamination rate, amounting to 28.25%. As for the callus induction stage, the concentration of 3.0 mg .L-1 significantly excelled In all treatments, the highest percentage was given at 53.3%, followed by 2.0 mg at that concentration. L (46.7%), while the comparison percentage was at the lowest value of 6.7%. While the growth regulator BA had a significant effect in increasing the percentage of callus induction, as the two concentrations, 2 mg.L-1 and 1.5 mg.L-1 excelled on the rest of the concentrations by giving them the highest percentage. The percentage of callus induction reached 53.3 and 40%, respectively, while the control treatment gave the lowest percentage of callus induction, amounting to 13.3%. While in fresh weight, the concentration of 3 mg. liter of 2,4-D gave the highest rate of fresh weight, which reached 0.52 mg. While the control treatment gave the lowest fresh weight of 0.01 mg, while the concentration of 2 mg per liter of BA significantly excelled on the rest of the concentrations by giving it the highest fresh weight of 0.49 mg, and the control treatment gave the lowest fresh weight of callus of 0.04 mg.
Effect of plant extracts on inhibiting internal contaminants in vitro
These study experiment were carried out in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Plant Production Technologies - Postgraduate Studies - Technical College of Mussaib - AL-Furat AL-Awsat Technical University for the period from 19/12/2022 to 4/15/2023.The present experiment aimed to determine the effect of plant extracts (cardamom, cloves, and haramel) at concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6) g. L-1 of each in MS medium grown with saffron corms in tissue culture, to follow up the effect of extracts on growth results. The results of the triple intervention between the second, third, and fourth weeks with clove extract at a concentration 2 g. L-1 was signification to other interventions in giving the highest value for the success of Implants remaining free of contamination, amounting to 25.00. There was also no significant effect of the plant extracts on the apparent characteristics of the saffron corm. The clove extract in the nutrient medium supplied with a concentration of (2 g.L-1) outperformed the rest of the plant extracts by giving it the highest average number of shoots, which reached 6.75 shoots, but it was not significant. Also, the prepared nutrient medium (6 g.L-1) of cardamom extract was not significantly superior in giving it the highest average shoot length of 9.50 cm, While the control treatment (0) gave the highest average number of roots reaching 63.8 roots, and the average length was 15.00 mm at a concentration of 4 g. L-1 for cardamom extract.
Response of two Varieties from Hyacinthus orientalis L. to foliar spraying with different organic fertilizer concentrations (Optimus-plus) and salicylic acid
This study was conducted from November 1st to June 1st, 2023, inside the wooden canopy of the Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul. The objective of the study was to assess how two varieties of Hyacinthus orientalis L., called "Carnegie" with white flowers and "Woodstock" with purple flowers, responded to three treatments of Optimus-plus fertilizer (0, 1.5, 3) ml L-1, as well as three treatments of salicylic acid (0, 150, 300) mg. L-1, applied to the vegetative system three times. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates and eight plants per treatment was employed in the factorial experiment's implementation within the split plot. The results indicated the following: *The white variety (Carnegie) recorded the greatest rates in all of the studied characteristics; plant height, number of leaves, dry weight of leaves, and leaf area. * Spraying the plants with the organic fertilizer Optimum Plus at a concentration of 3 ml L-1 had a significant influence on obtaining the highest values in all of the studies assessed. * Salicylic acid spraying at a dosage of 300 mg L-1 had the highest significant values in all of the characteristics that were assessed. * The results of the triple interactions between the study factors indicated that the highest significant values for plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area were obtained when the plants (Carnegie white) were sprayed with Optimum-Plus, an organic fertilizer, at a concentration of 3 ml L-1, in addition to 300 mg L-1 of salicylic acid. * Data on the triple interactions between the study factors revealed that spraying purple (woodstock) plants with Optimum-Plus fertilizer at a concentration of 2 ml L-1 combined with spraying with salicylic acid at a concentration of 300 mg L-1 recorded the highest significant values for leaf length, leaves number, leaf area, and leaf dry weight. in split plot)
Effect of growth regulator (ATONIK) and Zn-Nano-fertilizer on Yield and Physiological Parameters of sweet pepper
A field experiment was conducted in the non-heated plastic house at special field at (44° 27′ east 32° 35′ north) coordinate for the autumn season 2022 to study the response of sweet pepper (Qurtuba cultivar) Capsicum annuum L. to foliar spraying with growth regulator ( Atonik ) and Nano-zinc in sandy loam soil. A factorial experiment was designed according to RCBD design, and the average compared using LSD at significant level of 5%. The growth regulator ( Atonik ) at four levels (0, 25, 50, and 75 mg L-1) and four levels of Nano-Zinc fertilizer (0, 2, 4, and 6 gm L-1) with three replicates, the results indicated to the excelling of the spraying treatment by growth regulator at level (75 mg L-1) which significantly increased the number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, early and total yield of plant, fruit vitamin C , total solube solid (T.S.S), total soluble phenols, and soluble saccharides with an average of ( 33.8 fruit , 81.5 gm , 0.70 kg , 2.80 kg , 52.60 mg 100gm-1 fresh weight , 8.63% , 5.83 mg gm-1 fresh weight , and 9.65% ) for the above parameters sequentially. which is the same behavior as the spraying of Nano-Zinc at a concentration of (6 gm L-1) for the parameters above with an average ( 33.9 fruit , 78.2 gm , 0.69 kg , 2.79 kg , 49.70 mg 100gm-1 fresh weight , 8.03% , 5.76 mg gm-1 fresh weight , and 9.23% ) sequentially as compared to the control treatment. As for interaction treatments, it showed excelling the interaction spraying treatment (75 mg L-1 + 6 gm L-1) by giving it the highest values for all the above parameters.
Efficiency of algae Sprulina platensis the and the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds and leaves to induce ten cultivars of cucumber plants against the Cucumovirus Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)
This study is aimed to identify the effect of the locally grown algae Spirulina platensis in the form of an biological in vitro preparation on Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) and the effect of Moringa leaf extract M. oleifera by evaluating some resistance parameters, which included measuring the infection ratio, its severity, the activity of the peroxidase enzyme, and the amount of phenols. This study was conducted in the research station of the College of Agriculture / University of Tikrit. CMV was initially diagnosed using immune strip assay, and the diagnosis was further enhanced by using Next Generation Sequence (NGS) modern technology to detect the complete genome of the virus strain. The infection rate was 100% in the control treatment, While lower infection rate for both treatments of algae S. platensis and M. oleifera, was 31% for each of them. As for the effect of the two treatments on the severity of infection, it was the lowest in the Ghazeer cultivar for both treatments of algae S. platensis and M. oleifera, reaching 40% compared with others of the cultivars which differed significantly, The highest infection rate 80% was recorded in the two treatments of S. platensis and M. oleifera for Jade cultivar compared with control reached 100%. The results of the peroxidase enzyme measurement showed the highest value for the Ghazeer variety for the two treatments used S. platensis and the M.oleifera which amounted to 3.1 units/mg protein of the root system and for the two treatments used which are the algae S. platensis and the M. oleifera. The rate of total phenols increased to 8.9 mg/g wet weight in treatment S. platensis for the Ghazeer variety while M.oleifera reached 7.9 mg/g wet weight compared the control treatment witch reached 4.6 mg/g wet weight. The results of the varieties used in this study showed a significant difference and the variety the Ghazeer showed superiority in tolerating infection, While the Jade variety was the most sensitive variety to infection CMV. The early treatment before the infection occurred were superior in all studied traits to the treatment conducted after the infection.
Evaluating oxidative activity and flavonoids content of four varieties of oat
A field experiment was conducted during winter of 2022-2023 in one of the fields at the Shumali region in Babylon Governorate, within latitude of 32.32˚ north and 44.92˚ east. The study planned to evaluate oxidative activities and flavonoid content to four varieties of oats (Shifaa, Oat11, Algouda, and Carlup). The experiment was carried out according to randomized complete block design with three replications, All data were collected and analyzed according to analysis of variance table. The means were tested according to the least significant difference test at 0.05 probability. The results showed significant superiority of the Algouda variety in plant height (127 cm), flag leaf area (27 cm2), and capacity of total antioxidant (83.8 mg g-1 dry weight). Total flavonoids (163.8 mg kg-1 dry weight), free radicals inhibition efficacy in grains (72.58%), and the grain content of some Flavonoid compounds. Shifaa variety was significantly superior in the number of tillers (478.1 tillers m-2), number of spikes (457.4 spikes m-2), weight of thousand grains( 36.97 g), and the grains yield (7.15 tons ha-1).