Determination of Essential oil Yield, Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of wild (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) from Kurdistan region -Iraq

Abstract

The objective of the current study was to determine the chemical makeup of the Shamar plant (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) essential oil extracted by hydro distillation and to assess the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the Shamar essential oil extracts. Shamar was discovered to have a 0.79% essential oil extract yield. Analysis of the essential oil using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy GC/MS revealed the presence of 17 chemicals, with the primary constituents being CELIDONIOL, DEOXY-%15.72, n-Hexadecanoic acid%13.31, 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-%10.12, Oleic Acid%7.85, Hexadecane%6.96, and Tetradecane%6.89. Shamar essential oil demonstrated good DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC₅₀ of 330 µg/ml, While the essential oil shown significant antibacterial action against two Gram negative bacteria, E. Coli (ATCC 25922) and B. Cereus (ATCC 14579) and one Gram positive bacteria S. Aureus (ATCC 29213) The MIC and MBC were determined using the microdilution method, and the results showed that the MIC was 1000 µg/ml. We also used inductively coupled plasma ICP-AES to investigate the trace element and heavy metal levels of the Shamar plant, including Pb, Al, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Ca, Cd, Cr, and Ba.  Lead, Cadmium, and Nickel were not detected, according to the results, whereas the other metals were found in the following order: Al > Ca > Fe > Ba > Mn >Cr > Cu > Co. According to the findings of the current study, the trace metal levels of Shamar grown in Kurdistan, Iraq, were in the low range. The aforementioned findings suggest that isolated essential oils might be employed in the food industry as a safer substitute for synthetic additives.

  Key words:

The objective of the current study was to determine the chemical makeup of the Shamar plant (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) essential oil extracted by hydro distillation and to assess the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the Shamar essential oil extracts. Shamar was discovered to have a 0.79% essential oil extract yield. Analysis of the essential oil using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy GC/MS revealed the presence of 17 chemicals, with the primary constituents being CELIDONIOL, DEOXY-%15.72, n-Hexadecanoic acid%13.31, 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-%10.12, Oleic Acid%7.85, Hexadecane%6.96, and Tetradecane%6.89. Shamar essential oil demonstrated good DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC₅₀ of 330 µg/ml, While the essential oil shown significant antibacterial action against two Gram negative bacteria, E. Coli (ATCC 25922) and B. Cereus (ATCC 14579) and one Gram positive bacteria S. Aureus (ATCC 29213) The MIC and MBC were determined using the microdilution method, and the results showed that the MIC was 1000 µg/ml. We also used inductively coupled plasma ICP-AES to investigate the trace element and heavy metal levels of the Shamar plant, including Pb, Al, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Ca, Cd, Cr, and Ba.  Lead, Cadmium, and Nickel were not detected, according to the results, whereas the other metals were found in the following order: Al > Ca > Fe > Ba > Mn >Cr > Cu > Co. According to the findings of the current study, the trace metal levels of Shamar grown in Kurdistan, Iraq, were in the low range. The aforementioned findings suggest that isolated essential oils might be employed in the food industry as a safer substitute for synthetic additives.