Agricultural extension behaviour of local rural leaders in Duhok Governorate in Kurdistan region of Iraq

• Ismael A. Taha1, Abid A. H. Al-Doski2, Aamel F. Kh. Al-Abbassi3

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This study investigated the socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics of local rural leaders in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and examined their relationship with leadership behavior in agricultural extension activities. A multi-stage random sampling technique was employed, selecting three districts and two sub-districts from each, resulting in a final sample of 420 farmers and 65 rural leaders. A structured questionnaire comprising 72 items was developed and refined through expert validation and item discrimination analysis, yielding a final version of 63 items with high reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.8823). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, weighted mean, ranking) and inferential techniques (Chi-square test, coefficient of contingency). The results indicated that 78.461% of respondents leaders were middle-aged or older, 69.231% had secondary school or more, and 67.693% of them had medium to long-term leadership duration   , (83.077%) were working in agriculture ,89.231% of the respondents were  within the mid and high leadership situation,  with generally positive attitudes toward modernization. Significant associations were identified between leadership behavior and age, education, leadership duration, occupation, leadership situation, and attitudes toward modernization. The findings underscore the critical influence  of education, experience, and progressive attitudes in enhancing rural leadership and promoting agricultural development.

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