In Vitro Responses of Mandevilla sanderi (Hemsl.) Woodson to Silicon Nanoparticles under Sodium Chloride-Induced Salinity Stress

• 1Saja AL-Layle Qanbar Asker& 2Mohammed Mahdi Saleh 3Essam Adel Mohammed Amin& 4Nermen Asad Abdulazeez& 5Ammar Mohamme Dkurdi

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This study assessed the response of Mandevilla sanderi Woodson callus when subjected to silicon dioxide nanoparticles to combat salinity stress due to sodium chloride. The study is completely randomized design with ten replications with the following concentration of NaCl: 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM tested alongside varying concentration (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200) of SiO₂ nanoparticles [mg L¹]. The salinity, SiO₂ NPs, and their interactions were found to significantly affect all growth and morphometric measurements made in this study. In the case of use of lower concentrations of SiO₂ NPs (100 mg.L^-1), callus growth improved by means of a hermetic response that led to the highest values for callus induction (72.50%), callus volume (1.475 cm³), fresh weight (1.450 g), dry weight (0.470 g), survival (81.25%), growth rate (2.025 g per day) and callus diameter (7.300 mm). Higher salinity levels (100 and 150 mM) resulted in significant drops in all measured parameters. Although the use of SiO₂ nanoparticles alone in concentration of 200 mg L⁻¹ led to concentration-dependent nontoxicity, but together with 100 mg,L^-1 SiO₂ NPs improved significantly callus induction (80.00%), callus volume (2.100 cm³), fresh weight (2.000 g), survival (100 %), growth rate (2.600 g day⁻¹), and callus diameter (9.000 mm). These findings demonstrate the potential of SiO₂ NPs to improve salinity tolerance by enhancing osmotic and ionic homeostasis and activating plant defense mechanisms

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