Influence of Agrivoltaic Systems on Growth, Yield, and Bioactive Compounds of Arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.)

Authors

  • Nihad Kadhim Karim Mohammed R. Sahib Hadi A. AL-Agele

    Author

Abstract
This experiment was conducted during the 2025–2026 fall season in a field belonging to Al-Mustaqbal University, Babil Governorate, Iraq (44.4° E longitude, 32.3° N latitude). The study aimed to evaluate the effects of cultivation under shading compared with cultivation in open, unshaded areas, of two irrigation levels (50% and 100%), and of biofertilizer and organic fertilizer application on the growth and yield of arugula (Eruca sativa) plants and on the content of bioactive compounds in its leaves. The experiment was arranged in a split-split-plot layout (3 × 2 × 3) within a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replicates. The study included three factors: first, the fertilization factor (F), comprising three levels — F0 (control, no fertilizer applied), F1 (biofertilizer, Bio Health, applied at 200 mL per plant), and F2 (organic fertilizer, vermicompost, applied at 5 g per plant); second, the irrigation factor (I), comprising full irrigation (100%) and deficit irrigation (50%); and third, the shading factor (L), comprising full light/open exposure (L1), full shade beneath photovoltaic solar panels (L2), and partial shade beneath solar panels (L3). The results showed that the full-light treatment (L1) had a significant effect on net photosynthetic rate, which reached 0.869 g·m⁻²·day⁻¹, and on flavonoid content, which reached 0.148 mg·kg⁻¹. In contrast, the full-shade treatment (L2) was superior in experimental-unit leaf yield at the second cutting, reaching 884 g / 1.2 m², and in leaf nitrate content, reaching 32.73 mg·kg⁻¹ dry weight. Irrigation level had a significant effect on phosphorus content only, with the full-irrigation treatment (100%) producing the highest value, 0.397%. The fertilization factor had a significant effect on experimental-unit leaf yield at the second cutting, as well as on nitrogen and potassium percentages and leaf phenolic content, reaching 1041 g /1.2 m², 3.010%, 0.343%, and 30.92 mg·g⁻¹ dry weight, respectively. The results of the triple interaction among the three factors showed significant superiority in all studied traits.
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Published
2026-09-30
Issue
Vol. 18 No. 3 (2026)
Section
Articles

How to Cite

Influence of Agrivoltaic Systems on Growth, Yield, and Bioactive Compounds of Arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.). (2026). Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science, 18(3). https://ejs-agri.com/index.php/EJAS/article/view/508