Evaluation of Soil Pollution With led based on same certain Physical and Chemical Characteristics Using Same Pollution indicators

• Zakiya Shihab Hamad*1 , Saqr Mijbil Al-jumaily2 and Mariam W. Al-Dulaimi3

  Author

This study involves evaluating Pb contamination of the surface (0-2 cm) and subsurface (20 cm) soils via several pollution indices such as Contamination Factor (Cf), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Enrichment Factor (EF), Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), and Contamination Degree (Cdeg). Based on the findings of this investigation, there are elevated levels of Pb and Pb contamination in surface soils. In addition, it is evident from the results that Pb does not penetrate the surface horizon due to limited anthropogenic factors. Moreover, it should be noted that the major causes of Pb pollution in the region under analysis include vehicular emissions and anthropogenic factors. The highest pollution was detected in S2 and S5 locations Within the city of Kirkuk, which had the values of Cf and PLI of over 12. As a result, these areas can be described as heavily polluted by Pb. Based on the evaluation of Igeo and EF, it is possible to conclude that Pb enrichment is predominantly anthropogenic Such as factories and rapid urban development. It is important to emphasize that subsurface soils contained fewer contamination indicators. However, according to previous investigations, high concentrations of clay, carbonates, organic matter, and alkalinity of soils can play an important role in the immobilization of Pb.

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